111年學測克漏字第二篇
I.前言：學測英文考什麼？
108課綱上路至2024年1月，已歷經三次學科能力測驗。我把111年學測英文試題的克漏字(綜合測驗)，做詳細的解析，希望有助於各位進一步認識掌握學測出題方向與難度。
II.重點：文法與詞彙何者考得多？
111年學測克漏字(綜合測驗)總共有十道題目，其中第12題考文法的時態，第17題考used to VR/be與must have PP這兩個動詞片語，夾雜著另外兩個與時態相關的選項。因此，文法出題佔大約15%，比重真的不高。綜觀過去二十年學測英文考文法的題目，每年都不會超過三題。所以，英文想考頂標，甚至滿級分，關鍵恐怕不在於文法，而是要具備非常充分的詞彙片語慣用語，並且提升閱讀理解能力。千萬別誤以為文法不重要，只是千萬不要把文法讀得太細。例如，關係代名詞前面有沒有逗點。有逗點叫做「非限定用法」，沒逗點是「限定用法」。如果你把有限的時間與精力去被這些東西，那真的是冤枉啊！因為許多文法細節早就已經在學測試題中絕種了！
111年學測克漏字
試題與詳解：第二篇
Airline passengers may have noticed that all plane windows have rounded edges, instead of the hard corners commonly found in our house. The round windows are indeed pleasant to the eye, but they actually were designed for reasons __(16)__ aesthetics.
In the early days of aviation, plane windows __(17)__ square in shape. Then as commercial air travel became popular in the 1950s and airplanes began flying higher and faster, three planes mysteriously broke apart in midair. The cause? Square windows. Scientists found that sharp corners are natural weak spots where stress concentrates. The problem is __(18)__ when airplanes fly at higher altitudes, where the difference between the inside and outside pressure increases, causing added stress. When subjected to repeated pressurization high in the sky, the four corners on a square window may __(19)__.
Curved windows, on the other hand, distribute stress around more evenly, reducing the likelihood of cracks or breaks. Circular shapes are also stronger and resist deformation, and therefore can __(20)__ extreme differences in pressure inside and outside of an aircraft.
Thus, round windows are a major safety innovation that keeps planes from disintegrating mid-flight. They are also used on ships and spacecraft for their greater structural integrity.
16.
(A) contrary to
(B) except for
(C) more of
(D) other than
17.
(A) used to be
(B) were to be
(C) would have been
(D) must have been
18.
(A) disguised
(B) understood
(C) confronted
(D) intensified
19.
(A) cause conflict
(B) rebuild strength
(C) spell disaster
(D) endure shock
20.
(A) tolerate
(B) improve
(C) justify
(D) obtain
[文章註解]
[第一段]
1. airline 航線/航空公司 (n.)
2. passenger 乘客 (n.)
3. notice 注意到 (vt.)
4. rounded 被弄成圓形的 (PP = adj.)
5. edge 邊緣 (n.)
6. instead of O 而非… (prep. + n.)
7. hard 僵硬死板的 (a.)
8. (which/that are) commonly found
9. commonly 普遍地 (adv.)
10. indeed 的確 (adv.)
11. be pleasant the eye 賞心悅目的 (v.)
12. pleasant 令人愉悅的 (a.)
13. actually 其實 (adv.) = in fact
14. design 設計 (vt.)
15. aesthetics 美學 (n.)
[第二段]
16. aviation 航空 (n.)
17. square 四方型的 (a.)
18. in shape 在形狀這方面 (adv.)
19. commercial 商業的 (a.)
20. as 當…時候 (conj.)
21. mysteriously 神祕地 (adv.)
22. break apart 解體 (v.)
23. in midair 在半空中 (adv.)
24. cause 導因 (n.)
25. scientist 科學家 (n.)
26. natural 天生的 (a.)
27. weak spot 弱點 (a. + n.)
28. where = and at these spots (關副)
29. stress 壓力 (n.)
30. concentrate 集中 (vi.)
31. at…altitude
在…的海拔高度 (adv.)
32. where
= and at higher altitudes (關副)
33. increase 增加 (vi.)
34. causing
= which causes (which = 前句)
35. added 被增加的 (PP = adj.)
36. When (they are) subjected to… (分構)
36. be subjected to O
屈服於… (v.)
[第三段]
37. curved 彎曲的 (a.)
38. on the other hand
另一方面 (adv.)
39. distribute 分配 (vt.)
40. around 四處 (adv.)
41. evenly 平均地 (adv.)
42. reducing
= which reduces
(which = 前句)
43. likelihood 可能性 (n.)
44. crack 裂橫 (n.)
45. break 破裂 (n.)
46. circular 圓形的 (a.)
47. resist 抵抗 (vt.)
48. deformation 變形 (n.)
49. extreme 極端的 (a.)
50. difference 差異 (n.)
51. aircraft 飛機 (n.)
[第四段]
52. thus
= therefore 因此 (adv.)
53. major 重大的 (a.)
54. innovation 創新 (n.)
55. keep O from Ving
阻止受詞不要… (v.)
56. disintegrate 裂解 (vi.)
57. mid-flight
在飛行途中 (adv.)
58. spacecraft 太空船 (n.)
59. structural 結構的 (a.)
60. integrity 完整性 (n.)
[題目詳解]
16.(A) contrary to O
與…相反 (prep. + O)
(B) except for O = except O
除了…例外 (prep. + O)
(C) more of A than B
與其說是B，不如說是A (prep. + O + conj. + O)
(D) A other than B
除了…以外/例外 (prep. + O)
[解析]
The round windows are indeed pleasant to the eye, but they actually were designed for reasons other than aesthetics.
(這些圓形窗戶的確賞心悅目，但它們其實被設計出來是為了除了美學以外的其他理由。)
[例句]
1. I like all of these shirts except (for) the red one.
我喜歡這些所有的襯衫，除了紅色那一件。
(紅色例外不喜歡)
★except for + O
= except = other than = aside from = apart form + O
2. I also like apples besides pineapples.
除了鳳梨之外，我也喜歡蘋果。
★besides + O
= in addition to = other than = aside from
= apart from + O
[觀念]
other than = aside from = apart from + O
(1) 除了…例外 = except (for)
(2) 除了…還有… = besides
17.(A) used to be 以前曾經是… (v.)
(B) were to be 當時即將… (v.)
(C) would have been 本來即將…而沒有 (v.)
(D) must have been 當時一定… (v.)
[解析]
In the early days of aviation, plane windows used to be square in shape. (早期的航空，飛機窗戶曾經是方形的。)
★ S used to VR/be 主詞以前曾經/習慣/總是…
[例句]
1. I used to be a vegetarian, but not anymore.
我以前曾經是素食者，但再也不是了。
2. I used to enjoy playing video games, but I don’t now.
我以前總是喜歡打電玩，但現在不喜歡了。
3. I used to sleep in, but I keep early hours now.
我以前習慣睡懶覺，但現在早睡早起。
[解析]
選項(C) would have PP 當時本來即將…，但後來沒有。這是表與過去事實相反的假設句。
[例句]
1.If you had told me the truth,
I would have forgiven you.
如果你當時跟我說實話，我當時就會原諒你了。
(事實：你當時說謊，我當時沒原諒你。)
2.He would have studied abroad,
but he gave up the plan later.
他當時綁想出國留學，但後來放棄這計畫。
[解析]
選項(D) must have PP 當時一定曾經…
這是表對過去事實的猜測。
補充：表一定的三種用法。
(1)must VR/be現在一定…
(2)must have PP過去一定…
(3)is/are/am sure to VR/be未來一定…
[例句]
1.He didn’t have breakfast this morning.
He must be hungry (now).
他今早沒吃早餐，他現在一定餓了。
2.He ate nothing yesterday.
He must have been hungry (then).
他昨天什麼也沒吃，他當時一定餓了。
3.It is sure to rain tomorrow.
明天一定會下雨。
4.You are sure to achieve your goal.
你一定會達成你的目標。
18.(A) disguise A as B 把A = 偽裝成B (v.)
(B) understand O了解… (vt.)
understand / understood / understand 了解 (vt.)
(C) confront O 面對/面臨… (v.)
(D) intensify O 加強/增強… (vt.)
19.(A) cause conflict 導致衝突 (v.)
(B) rebuild strength恢復力氣 (v.)
(C) spell disaster招致災難 (v.)
(D) endure shock承受衝擊 (v.)
20.(A) tolerate O 忍受/包容… (vt.)
(B) improve O改善/促進 (vt.)
(C) justify O使…合理化 (vt.)
(D) obtain O獲得… (vt.)
= gain = acquire = access = get
ANS：D A D C A